Indian Military

BMP-1
BMP-1 at US Bolling Air Force Base, 1 October 1986.
Type	Infantry fighting vehicle
Place of origin	Soviet Union
Service history
In service	1966–present
Used by	Soviet Union, Russia, Poland, Egypt, Syria, China, Afghanistan, India, Iraq, Germany, Greece, and Sweden.
Wars	See Service history and Combat history
Production history
Designer	Pavel Isakov (Design Bureau of the ChTZ)
Designed	1961–1965
Manufacturer	Kurgan Engineering Works (KMZ) (USSR)  ZTS Dubnica nad Váhom (Czechoslovakia) Military Motorization Works No. 5 (Poland) See also Production history section for details.
Produced	1966–1983 (USSR) unknown–1988 (Poland)
Number built	More than 20,000 of all variants (USSR) More than 3,000 of all variants (PRC) 1,994 (Czechoslovakia) 274 (Poland) ~800 (India)
Variants	BMP-1, BMP-2, MLI-84, Boragh, see also BMP-1 variants.
Specifications (Ob'yekt 765Sp3)
Weight	13.2 tonnes (13.0 LT; 14.6 ST)
Length	6.735 m (22 ft 1.2 in)
Width	2.94 m (9 ft 8 in)
Height	2.068 m (6 ft 9.4 in) 1.881 m (6 ft 2.1 in) to turret top
Crew	3 (commander, driver and gunner) + 8 passengers
Armor	6–33 mm (0.24–1.3 in) welded rolled steel
Primary armament	73 mm 2A28 Grom low pressure smoothbore short-recoil semi-automatic gun (40 rounds) 9S428 ATGM launcher for 9M14 Malyutka (4 + 1 rounds)
Secondary armament	7.62 mm PKT coaxial machinegun (2,000 rounds)
Engine	UTD-20, 6-cylinder 4-stroke V-shaped airless-injection water cooled multifuel 15.8 liter diesel 300 hp (224 kW) at 2,600 rpm
Power/weight	22.7 hp/tonne (17.0 kW/tonne)
Suspension	individual torsion bar with hydraulic shock absorbers on the 1st and 6th road wheels
Ground clearance	370 mm (15 in)
Fuel capacity	462 l (102 imp gal; 122 US gal)
Operational range	600 km (370 mi) road 500 km (310 mi) off-road
Speed	65 km/h (40 mph) road 45 km/h (28 mph) off-road 7–8 km/h (4.3–5.0 mph) water

The BMP-1 is a Soviet amphibious tracked infantry fighting vehicle. BMP stands for Boyevaya Mashina Pekhoty (Russian: Боевая Машина Пехоты), meaning "fighting vehicle of infantry") . The BMP-1 was the world's first mass-produced infantry fighting vehicle (IFV). It was called the M-1967, BMP and BMP-76PB by NATO before its correct designation was known.

Between 350 and 700 ordered in 1982 by India from Soviet Union and delivered between 1983 and 1989. Between 450 and 100 were produced in house. 800 were in service with Indian Army as of 1990, around 600 as of 1995, more than 350 as of 2000 and 2002 around 600 as of 2005 and 700 as of 2008. Currently 700 are in active service.

It was a revolutionary design combining the properties of an armored personnel carrier (APC) and a light tank. The Soviet military leadership saw any future wars as being conducted with nuclear, chemical and biological weapons, where unprotected infantry would soon be either killed or incapacitated by radiation or chemical and biological agents. A vehicle like the BMP would allow infantry to operate from the relative safety of its armored, radiation shielded interior in contaminated areas and to fight alongside it in uncontaminated areas. It would increase infantry squad mobility, provide fire support to them, and also be able to fight alongside main battle tanks.

The BMP-1 was first tested in combat in the 1973 Yom Kippur War where it was used by Egyptian and Syrian forces. Based on lessons learned from this conflict and early experiences in the Soviet War in Afghanistan, a version with improved fighting qualities, the BMP-2 was developed. It was accepted into service in August 1980.

In 1987, the BMP-3, a radically redesigned vehicle with a completely new weapon system, entered service in limited numbers with the Soviet Army.

Development

Mechanized infantry tactics during the 1950s were similar to World War II methods in which APCs were used as "battle taxis"; they brought their infantry up to the front line where they then dismounted and fought on foot while the APC provided suppressive fire from its on-board armament.

Existing APCs offered little or no protection from either nuclear or chemical weapons as they were either open-topped or could not be sealed sufficiently. Furthermore, the infantry had to disembark to be able to use their weapons.

The requirement for the BMP was first drawn up in the late 1950s. The requirement stressed speed, good armament, and the ability for all squad members to fire from within the vehicle. The armament had to provide direct support for dismounted infantry in the attack and defense and to be able to destroy comparable light armored vehicles. The vehicle needed to protect the crew from .50 cal machinegun fire and 20-23 mm caliber autocannons across the frontal arc, as well as from light shell fragments at distances between 500 m and 800 m.

Firepower consisted of the innovative combination of the 73 mm 2A28 Grom gun and the newly developed 9S428 anti tank wire guided missile (ATGM) launcher for the 9M14 Malyutka (AT-3A Sagger A) ATGMs. The gun was intended to engage enemy armored vehicles and firing points at a range of up to 700 metres (770 yd), while the missile launcher was intended to be used against targets that were 500 metres (550 yd) to 3,000 metres (3,300 yd) away.

Requirements were issued to the various design bureaus between 1959 and 1960. There was a question as to whether the BMP should be tracked or wheeled, so a number of experimental configurations were explored including hybrid wheeled/tracked designs.

The tracked Ob'yekt 764 was chosen because its front engine design provided a convenient and fast way of mounting and dismounting through two rear doors. The original production prototype, which was built in 1965, was designated BMP. Small scale production began in 1966.

Models

A large number of variants of the BMP-1 were produced. The most notable IFV variants based on the BMP-1 were: BMP-2, MLI-84 and Boragh.

Table of models

Production history

The BMP went into production with the Soviet Army in 1966. The first series (the Ob'yekt 765Sp1), was produced until 1969 but was replaced by the improved production model, the BMP-1 (the Ob'yekt 765Sp2), it was produced from 1969 until 1973. It was replaced by the Ob'yekt 765Sp3 which was a modernized, 200 kg heavier version. This model was produced from 1973 to 1979. A number of improvements were made to the reliability of the chassis, the engine and transmission during mass production. The last version of the BMP-1 IFV (BMP-1P, Ob'yekt 765Sp4), was armed with a more powerful ATGM launcher 9P135M-1 for the ATGM "Konkurs"/"Fagot" It was produced from 1979 to 1983. The main manufacturer of the BMP-1 and its different variants was the Kurgan Machine Building Works (Kurganskiy Mashinostroitelyniy Zavod) but PRP-3 artillery reconnaissance vehicles were produced by the Chelyabinsk Tractor Works (ChTZ) and PRP-4/PRP-4M artillery reconnaissance vehicles were produced by the Rubtsovsk Engineering Works (RMZ). Upgrades of the BMP-1 were performed by KMZ as well as by tank repair workshops of the Ministry of Defence during scheduled and major overhauls. More than 20,000 BMP-1s and vehicles based on it were built in the USSR.

BMP-1s were produced under license by Czechoslovakia, Poland, Romania (MLI-84) and India. Since 1986 the People's Republic of China has produced its own unlicensed copy called the Type 86 (WZ 501). The number of Type 86 IFVs and vehicles based on it is around 3,000 It is still in service with the People's Liberation Army. From 1997, Iran produced its own modification of the BMP-1, the Boragh, it resembles the Chinese WZ 503.

Czechoslovak BVP-1s were produced by ZTS Dubnica nad Váhom.

274 Polish BWP-1s were built by the Wojskowe Zakłady Motoryzacyjne Nr. 5 (WZM Nr. 5) (Military Motorization Plant No. 5) in Poznań until 1988 (1406 were bought from the Soviet Union). It still produces spare parts for the BWP-1 and UTD-20 diesel engines. Its design bureau has developed a modernization package for the BWP-1. It built several prototypes of different turrets including unmanned ones. There was also one prototype with the original turret.

Modernization

In the mid 1970s, after analysis of the use of light AFVs during the Yom Kippur, Angolan and Vietnam wars, a modernization program was begun that resulted in the BMP-1P (Ob'yekt 765Sp4). The main changes were the replacement of the largely ineffective 9S428 ATGM launcher and the 9M14M Malyutka ATGM with the more reliable, longer range and more powerful 9P135M or 9P135M-1 ATGM launcher. It was located on a special pintle mount on top of the roof of the turret, that could fire the SACLOS guided 9M113 and 9M113M Konkurs-M ATGMs, which increased armor penetration to 670 mm (26 in) and had an extended range of 4,000 m (4,400 yd). The 9P135M-1 launcher was also capable of firing 9M111 and 9M111-2 Fagot ATGMs. The Malyutka loading hatch was usually welded shut and the mounting bracket was removed. The new missiles were somewhat difficult to use since the gunner had to stand in his open hatch to use the weapon, exposing himself to hostile fire. It is possible to detach the 9P135M(1) ATGM launcher from the turret and use it from the ground. The BMP-1P was equipped with neutron weapon protection covering and a new fire-extinguishing system for protection against napalm. Later BMP-1Ps were fitted with an array of six 902V "Tucha" 81 millimetres (3.2 in) calibre smoke grenade launchers at the rear of the turret. Some were also equipped with the track-width KMT-10 mine plow. The BMP-1P replaced the BMP-1 in production in 1979 and many BMP-1s were upgraded to the new standard during the 1980s.

The BMP-1PG model added the 30 mm (1.2 in) AGS-17 "Plamya" automatic grenade launcher on the left hand side of the top of the turret, for which it carries 290 grenades. Some BMP-1s had the AGS-17 added during major repairs (Ob'yekt 765Sp8).

A non-amphibious BMP-1D (the so-called 'Afghan' variant), was built in 1982 for assault units in Afghanistan. It had 5 mm thick appliqué steel armor plates on the hull sides with holes for side firing ports as well as armor plate under the commander's and driver's seats for added protection against mines. It also had large steel armored skirts fitted to the sides of the hull covering the suspension. Firing ports were added into the top hatches of the troop compartment and a stowage box was placed on the roof at the rear of the hull on some vehicles. The 9S428 ATGM launcher was often removed and replaced by an AGS-17 automatic grenade launcher.

Due to experience in Afghanistan, a new version with enhanced fighting capabilities, the BMP-2, was introduced in 1980. It had a new two-man turret armed with a 30 mm 2A42 multi-purpose autocannon and a 9P135M-1 ATGM launcher capable of firing SACLOS guided 9M113 Konkurs and 9M113M Konkurs-M as well as 9M111 and 9M111-2 Fagot ATGMs.

Later modernization plans included mounting the turret of the BMD-2 IFV on BMP-1s but the vehicle never left the design phase. Recent proposals for the modernization of BMP-1s include mounting new turrets armed with a 25 to 30 mm (0.98 to 1.2 in) autocannon, or a TKB-799 Kliver one-man weapons station with a computerized fire control system, armed with a missile pod (which can be armed with either four 9M133 Kornet (AT-14 Spriggan) or 9M133F Kornet ATGMs or 9K38 Igla (SA-18 Grouse) SAMs), a 30 mm 2A72 dual-purpose autocannon and a 7.62 mm (0.300 in) PKTM coaxial machine gun (BMP-1M).

Description

The BMP-1 is a fully amphibious tracked vehicle, with a front-engined chassis developed especially for it, a welded steel hull with a sharp, sloping front with a conspicuously ridged surface, a centrally located, flat, truncated cone turret and a troop compartment at the rear.

Driver's station

Two Bulgarian Army soldiers man the driver's and gunner's stations while a US Army soldier occupies the commander's position of a Bulgarian BMP-1 IFV.

The driver sits in the front on the left side of the hull. He has three TNPO-170 periscope vision-blocks to provide vision when his hatch is closed. The driver's center vision block can be replaced with a TVNO-2 active night binocular vision device for use in night and poor visibility conditions or with a TNPO-350B extended periscope when swimming with the trim vane erected. The BMP was the first Soviet armored vehicle to use a simple yoke steering system.

Commander's station

The commander's station is located behind the driver's station and is provided with a removable OU-3GA2 or OU-3GK infrared searchlight with an effective range of about 400 metres (440 yd). A dual mode (day/night) TKN-3B 5x/4.2x magnification binocular vision device is coupled to the infrared searchlight. Two periscope vision blocks are also fitted with a heating and cleaning system. The commander's station is equipped with a R-123M radio set.

Turret

Gunner's station of a BMP-1 training turret at Parola Tank Museum, Finland, 14 July 2006. Note the ammunition stowage.

The BMP-1 has a conical turret equipped with a fume extraction system and an electric traverse drive with a manual backup system. The main gun has a dead-zone over the commander's hatch (between the 10:00 and 11:00 o'clock positions), where the gun must be elevated over the infra-red searchlight to avoid crushing it. When the gun is facing backwards it prevents hatches on top of the troop compartment from opening. The low profile of the turret means that the barrel of the gun is less than six feet off the ground, so it cannot be fired over the heads of advancing infantry. On the other hand, the low profile of the turret makes it a difficult target. The same turret is used in the BMD-1.

Gunner's station

The gunner's station is located to the left of the main gun. The gunner has a dual mode (day/night) 1PN22M1 6x/6.7x magnification image intensifying monocular periscope sight, four day-use periscope vision blocks, an optical rangefinder and a OU-3GK removable infrared or white-light searchlight. The 1PN22M1 sight has a maximum range of 400 metres (440 yd) at night, 900 metres (980 yd) with the use of the infra-red searchlight. The sight is marked stadiametricly with the apparent size of a 2.7 metres (8.9 ft) tall tank at various ranges.

The original sight was replaced with the 1PN22M2, which has an additional scale for the OG-15V HE-Frag rounds used by the Ob'yekt 765Sp3, produced from July 1974. The new sight has two day scales for the two projectiles - one from 200 to 1,600 metres (220 to 1,700 yd) and the other from 400 to 1,300 metres (440 to 1,400 yd).

Armament

Gun

Detailed view of the BMP-1's turret at Bolling Air Force Base, 1 October 1986

Main armament is the 73 mm 2A28 "Grom" low pressure smoothbore semi-automatic gun. It is fed from a forty round magazine located around the turret ring. Cyclic rate of fire is 8 to 10 rounds per minute, with the gun returning to an elevation of +3° 30' to reload after each shot if the autoloader is used. The gun can be reloaded by hand if necessary. The autoloader is unreliable and can be dangerous to the crew. Some units removed the autoloader altogether when new vehicles were delivered, but the mechanized ammunition conveyor magazine was kept.

The 2A28 'Grom' smoothbore gun fires the same PG-15V projectiles as the SPG-9 infantry light recoilless gun but with a smaller propellant charge. The PG15V HEAT warhead can penetrate 280 to 350 mm (11 to 14 in) of steel armor - more than enough to penetrate the frontal armor of NATO MBTs of the 1970s, such as the US M60A1, the British Chieftain or the German Leopard 1. The modernized PG-9 shell is able to penetrate up to 400 mm (16 in) of steel armor. This gun is unable to penetrate the front armor of modern NATO MBTs such as the US M1A1 Abrams, the British Challenger 2, or the German Leopard 2, but it has been claimed that it can penetrate the side armor of these tanks in some areas. Under battlefield conditions it has a maximum effective range of 500 m (550 yd).

OG-15V high explosive ammunition was made available in the 1970s. The warhead has twice the weight of explosives as the anti-armor PG-15V; it is intended for use against troops or soft targets.

A coaxial 7.62 mm PKT machine gun is mounted to the right of the main armament for which the BMP-1 carries 2,000 rounds.

The 2A28 'Grom' gun and PKT coaxial machine gun cannot be accurately fired while the vehicle is on the move over rough ground as the turret is unstabilised.

Missile

Mounted on the gun mantlet, the 9S428 ATGM launcher is capable of firing the 9M14 Malyutka, (NATO: AT-3A Sagger A); the 9M14M Malyutka-M (NATO: AT-3B Sagger B) and the 9M14P Malyutka-P (NATO: AT-3C Sagger C), all of which are intended to be used against enemy MBTs and other AFVs at distances from 500 to 3,000 m (550 to 3,300 yd). These ATGMs can penetrate up to 560 mm (22 in) of steel armor (NATO standard at the time).

The BMP-1 carries 5 ATGMs (one on the launching rail, two inside the turret and two inside the hull). Each 9M14M weighs 10.9 kg (24 lb), a 9M14P with semi-automatic control is 11.4 kg (25 lb). These missiles can only be fired in daylight because it lacks a night sight. Besides such advantages as interference immunity and simple control equipment, wire-guided ATGMs are hampered by significant disadvantages such as: a relatively low flight speed, response delay, the inability to load a new missile until the previous one has reached its target and a very long minimum range (500 m (550 yd)). Successful operation of the ATGM while the vehicle is on the move requires a very skilled gunner.

BMP-1s that were not modernized to BMP-1P standard now in Russian service can use 9M14-2 Malyutka-2 (NATO: AT-3D Sagger D) ATGMs (developed in 1995), which have either a tandem shaped-charge or high-explosive thermobaric warhead.

The BMP-1 was a threat to NATO APCs, light AFVs, and even MBTs of its time, by use of its main gun or ATGM. Nevertheless, it should be noted that the strong anti-tank focus of its armament didn't provide sufficient firepower against enemy unarmored vehicles, infantry and light fortified positions, especially during mountain battles, (mostly due to the low elevation angle of the main gun). The appearance of the more successful BMP-2 armed with the 30 mm 2A42 dual-purpose autocannon solved this serious problem.

Troop compartment

The BMP-1's firing ports location and firing arcs.

The troop compartment located at the rear of the vehicle can carry up to eight soldiers. There are four firing ports on each side of the vehicle and a single firing port in the left rear door; a combination fume extractor hose and cartridge deflector is provided to clip on to weapons at each station.

BMP-1 with eight passengers

Soldiers sit on two padded benches along the center line of the vehicle and face the sides. Vehicle batteries, electric equipment and the main 330 l (73 imp gal; 87 US gal) fuel tank are located between the benches, with tool stowage beneath. There are four large D-shaped hatches in the roof of the hull which can be opened from the troop compartment. The airtight rear doors of the troop compartment also contain fuel tanks.

Space inside the troop compartment is limited. There is little room for personal equipment, which leads to it being stowed outside while on operation, sometimes limiting rearward traverse of the turret. The seating is also cramped, especially for troops in full battle dress, leading to some armies reducing troop capacity to seven.

Maneuverability

The 300 horsepower (224 kW) UTD-20 six cylinder four stroke diesel engine is located in the centre of the front hull, behind the transmission, with the cooling system to the right and radiator above. The engine drives a manual gearbox with five forward and one reverse gear. The fuel tanks have a maximum capacity of 462 liters. The diesel engine is of a multifuel design and can use DL (summer) or DZ (winter). It can also use TS-1 kerosene.

The BMP-1 has a maximum road speed of 65 kilometres per hour (40 mph), which is reduced to around 45 kilometres per hour (28 mph) off-road.

The BMP-1 can climb 0.7 metres (2.3 ft) high vertical obstacles, and cross 2.5 metres (2.7 yd) wide trenches. It can be driven on 25° side slopes and can climb 35° gradients.

Drive sprockets are at the front with six road wheels, using torsion bar suspension. The BMP-1 has a ground pressure of (0.6 kg/cm²) and is able to cross snow-covered and boggy terrain. It has the range, off-road speed and cross-country ability necessary to keep up with fast-moving MBTs.

Amphibious capability

Two US Marines lower the trim vane on the front of an Iraqi BMP-1 captured during Operation Desert Storm, March 17 1991

The BMP-1 is amphibious, propelling itself in the water using its tracks, assisted by hydrodynamic fairings on the track upper side covers. Top swimming speed is 8 kilometres per hour (5.0 mph). The shape of the hull and some features (hollow road wheels and road wheel arms with air chambers) aid flotation. The BMP-1 can overcome water barriers with a current speed up to 1.2 metres (1.3 yd) per second and waves up to 0.25 metres (0.82 ft) high. More challenging conditions require engineer support.

Before entering the water the trim vane at the front of the hull should be erected to prevent water from flooding over the bow. While in its traveling position it serves as additional frontal armor. The rear doors of the troop compartment must be closed tightly before entering the water.

The BMP-1 can cross water obstacles such as rivers and lakes but it is not intended for sea landing operations.

Armor protection

The vehicle's armor is welded rolled steel varying in thickness between 6 millimetres (0.24 in) thick on the top of the hull and 33 millimetres (1.3 in) on the mantlet of the main gun. The original requirements called for protection against 23 millimeter armor-piercing rounds across the frontal arc fired from 500 metres (550 yd) and for protection against 7.62 millimeter armor-piercing rounds across the side and rear arcs from 75 metres (82 yd).

The BMP-1's steeply sloped frontal armor can withstand artillery shell fragments, small arms fire and existing .50 caliber (12.7 mm) heavy machine gun AP and API rounds over 60° of the frontal arc from all distances. The very high angle of the hull frontal armor increases the probability of ricochets, and the trim vane in the traveling position adds little additional protection. On most examples the front armor is immune to 20 millimeter Oerlikon KAD or HS820 auto-cannon fire from ranges greater than 100 meters, but armor quality varies quite significantly with the nationality of a factory.

The side, rear and top armor protect the BMP-1 from 7.62 mm small arms fire from most distances as well as smaller artillery shell fragments but do not protect the vehicle against 12.7 mm heavy machine gun fire from close distances or larger artillery shell fragments. Nevertheless, ground tests demonstrated that rear doors with fuel tanks filled with sand withstood hits from standard 12.7 mm rounds. In Afghanistan and Chechnya armor-piercing 7.62 mm rounds fired from general purpose machine guns at ranges of around 30 - 50 m sometimes penetrated the rear doors and hatches. During the First Persian Gulf War the armor protection of the BMP-1 proved vulnerable to the armor-piercing rounds of the US M2/M3 Bradley's 25 millimetres (0.98 in) M242 Bushmaster autocannon. During the intense fighting in Chechnya, no penetration of the BMP-1/BMD-1 turret front armor were noticed because the turret made for a small target and had relatively thick frontal armor compared to other parts of the vehicle.

26-33 mm gun mantlet

23 mm at 42° turret front

19 mm at 36° turret side

13 mm at 30° turret rear

6 mm turret top

7 mm at 80° upper hull front

19 mm at 57° hull lower front

16 mm at 14° hull upper side

18 mm at 0° hull lower side

16 mm at 19° hull rear

6 mm hull top

7 mm hull belly rear

Protection issues

The BMP-1 had significant shortcomings in its protection scheme, which only became obvious during the Soviet War in Afghanistan. It seats its driver and commander in a tandem layout, on the left hand side of the front of the hull alongside the diesel engine. When an antitank mine hits the BMP-1's left track, the explosion usually destroyed one to three left hand side roadwheels, penetrated the bottom and killed or seriously wounded the driver and the commander which caused painful losses of specialist personnel in the Soviet Army. Drivers laid sandbags on the bottom of their compartment in an effort to protect themselves against possible mine attack. The same kind of explosion under the right track were much less dramatic for the driver and the commander who remained relatively safe. If the vehicle hit a tilt-rod antitank mine, its steeply sloped lower front glacis plate allowed the mine's arming rod to tilt with little resistance until the mine was well under the chassis. When it eventually detonated, the blast was usually sufficient to kill or badly wound the driver and the commander. The Soviet 40^th Army in Afghanistan began to receive improved BMP-1Ds (the so-called "Afghan" variant) from 1982 onward which, among other improvements, included an additional armored plate under the driver's and commander's stations. This situation was addressed in the later BMP-2 design, where the commander shares the two-man turret with the gunner. The driver's and engine compartments could be equipped with additional bottom armor for improved protection against landmines filled with up to 2.5 kilograms (5.5 lb) of explosives.

Iraqi BMP-1 in a field after being hit several times and burnt out during Operation Desert Storm, February 1 1991.

There is also a protection issue concerning the reloading of the 9M14 "Malyutka" and 9M14M "Malyutka-M" ATGMs in NBC conditions because doing it through the small hatch from inside the vehicle would destroy whatever protection the fighting compartment's NBC protection suite gave.

The compactness and low silhouette of the vehicle are generally advantages on a battlefield. Critical areas such as the engine compartment and ammunition storage area, fuel cells and the troop compartment are located in such a manner that became the standard for many IFVs and APCs. Penetration anywhere in these areas will often result in mobility and/or firepower damage and/or disabling of the personnel.

BMP-1 and BMP-2 series vehicles share a major drawback with many Soviet tanks. Ammunition is stored near or even inside the fighting compartment which makes them more vulnerable to a hit from an anti-tank round or a missile across the side arc. If that happens, the ammunition often explodes, killing everyone and completely destroying the vehicle. During the fighting in Afghanistan and Chechnya, hits by rocket propelled grenades(RPG)s penetrated the BMP-1's armor in 95% of cases. This often resulted in the vehicle burning until the ammunition exploded. Due to these limitations, Soviet/Russian soldiers customarily rode on the outside of the BMP-1, sitting on top of the hull while in combat zones. This tactic had also been adopted by their American counterparts during the Vietnam war, when they found their own M113 APCs were vulnerable to RPG attack. It has an obvious downside on the likelihood of passenger survivability in a war-zone. The armor of BMP-1 IFVs is also insufficient to deal with AP cannon rounds - sufficiently thick armor would increase the weight of the BMP-1 considerably and jeopardize its amphibious ability. Some military analysts support the idea of returning to the concept of open-topped APCs as the armor of light AFVs cannot protect the crew from anti-tank weapons. Modern APCs are mostly used in local conflicts instead of hypothetical large-scale wars with NBC weapons.

The problem most often cited by western analysts is the design of the main fuel tank. Due to the low profile of the vehicle the designers have had to place the fuel tank between the two rows of outward-facing seats, meaning that the infantrymen sit very close to the bulk of the vehicle's fuel storage, extra fuel is carried in the hollow armored rear doors. Therefore a hit by an armor-piercing incendiary round would set the fuel contained there (especially, if kerosene is used instead of diesel), on fire. The burning fuel would move into the crew compartment, resulting in the death or injury to the infantrymen (if they are unable to leave the vehicle via the roof hatches), and a possible explosion. However, the rear door tanks are almost always empty when the BMP goes into combat as they are only meant to increase the road travel range of the vehicle. In intense war areas where the BMP sees action often and it is relatively near to its base of operations, instructions highly recommend detaching the rear door tanks from the fuel system, filling them with sand as additional protection of the troop compartment and adding fuel to the internal main fuel tank from other sources when the need arises. This was not practiced by some crews of BMP-1s during a number of local conflicts, e.g., in Chechnya, which resulted in frequent attempts by the enemy to hit the rear doors of the BMP-1s. The inner fuel tank is more vulnerable than that of many modern IFVs - the thin side armor means that penetration is likely to occur to the inner fuel tank as well.

Another potential flaw in the BMP-1 is its troop seating layout. In order to allow the infantrymen to use their assault rifles and machine guns while on the move, firing ports were installed in the sides of the hull and in the left rear door. Soldiers are seated on two back-to-back benches, mounted along the center line of the troop compartment. If hit by a more advanced type of magnetic anti-tank mine, the resulting explosion could kill the entire complement of infantrymen. In many other troop carriers, soldiers are seated on separate benches against the hull sides. This layout might prohibit the use of infantry weapons from inside the troop compartment, but in most cases the loss of life from a mine would be significantly less, although the loss of lower limbs would still be frequent. It should also be noted that most conscript soldiers do not receive much training in firing from inside the vehicle while it's moving. Even for professional soldiers, the unstabilized firing port periscopes makes it very difficult to conduct aimed fire while on the move. Nevertheless, the ability of soldiers to use their weapons from inside the vehicle is of extreme importance during urban warfare, especially, when repulsing enemy ambushes.

The BMP-1 has no air conditioning or air cooling system, its crew members and passengers suffer heavily in hot climates as its air filtration system and exhaust-ventilation fans cannot provide any comfort at high temperatures. During the Yom Kippur War crews kept some of the roof hatches open. This meant that they were vulnerable to machine gun fire from higher ground. Only a few examples of the BMP-1 were intended for export - mainly to countries with a hot climate (for example, the Slovak-Belorussian "Cobra-S"), they are equipped with an air conditioning system. The cooling system for the engine is improved, as is the additional forced air cooling system of the engine compartment and radiator. The exhaust system helps to eject gases together with hot air from the engine compartment through the grille located on the right-hand side of the hull roof in front of the turret.

Equipment

The BMP-1 can make its own smoke screen by injecting vaporized diesel fuel into the exhaust manifold using the TDA engine thermal smoke generating system. Later models also have an array of 902V Tucha smoke grenade launchers which can form a screen 80 m (87 yd) wide, 200 to 300 m (220 to 330 yd) in front of the vehicle.

A number of BMP-1s were fitted with mountings for the KMT-10 plow-type of mine-clearing system in the early 1980s. It is installed on the front of the hull in line with the tracks. The plow weighs 450 kg (990 lb) and can be attached in 30 minutes, emergency detaching takes around 10 minutes. The KMT-10 is intended for clearing anti-tank mines under different ground conditions. It is pneumatically-driven and takes 4 seconds to switch from the traveling position to the digging position. The mine-clearing plows are very narrow, with just two digging tines, each 300 mm (12 in) wide, (the same as each track), which limits them to clearing surface-laid mines, in particular scatterable anti-tank mines. A chain mounted between the plows can detonate tilt-rod mines. Maximum mine-clearing speed is 15 km/h (9.3 mph).

When the NBC protection system is configured and operating, the crew and passengers are protected from chemical weapons, biological agents and nuclear fallout by an air filtration and overpressure system which consists of the NBC filter element and the blower/dust separator.

BMP-1s were equipped with one RPG-7/RPG-7V shoulder-launched anti-tank rocket propelled grenade (RPG) and five PG-7 rounds or one 9K32 Strela-2/9K38 Igla man-portable anti-aircraft missile launcher and two replacement missiles. It carries 1600 rounds for two PK general-purpose machine guns.

Service history

Soviet Union and Russia

The BMP-1 entered service with the Soviet Army in 1966. The BMP-1 was first seen by westerners during the 7 November 1967 military parade in Moscow. Its appearance created a stir in the West where lightly-armed APCs were still the norm for transportation and infantry support on the battlefield.

In the Soviet Army, BMP-1s were typically issued to motorized rifle divisions and the motorized rifle regiments of tank divisions, where they replaced the BTR-152, BTR-50P and some BTR-60P APCs.

Currently, BMP-1s and vehicles based on it are used by the Russian Army and internal security troops of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD).

Afghanistan

BMP-1s were widely used in Afghanistan by motorized rifle and tank units. They were also operated by some special forces. Due to its lackluster performance, a new up-armored variant, designated the BMP-1D (the so-called 'Afghan' variant), was rushed into service in 1982. Many field modifications were made to their BMP-1s by various units.

Operators

Chinese Type 86.

Hungarian BMP-1.

Two New Iraqi Army BMP-1s at Coalition checkpoint in Tarmiya, Iraq, 25 June 2006.

New Iraqi Army BMP-1 on the move.

BWP-1 on a military parade in Warsaw on Polish Army Day, 15 August 2007.

Romanian-made MLI-84M fitted with Israeli OWS-25R overhead mount turret armed with 25 mm Oerlikon KBA autocannon and two 9S415 ATGM launchers, Expomil exhibition, 22 October 2005.

Slovakian BVP-1, 26 March 2007.

BMP-1 at the Great Patriotic War museum in Kiev, Ukraine, 1 October 2006.

•  Abkhazia - 80 BMP-1s and BMP-2s were claimed by the Abkhaziyan Army.
•  Afghanistan - 350 BMP-1s ordered in 1979 from Soviet Union and delivered between 1979 and 1990 (some of the vehicles were possibly previously in Soviet service). 550 BMP-1s and BMP-2s in service as of 1992. Between 60 and 80 BMP-1s and BMP-2s were delivered from Russia after 2002.
•  Albania - More than 17 BMP-1s acquired from East German stock in 1995.
•  Algeria - Between 690 to 800 BMP-1s ordered in 1978 from Soviet Union and delivered between 1979 and 1984. There were 684 BMP-1s in service as of 1996. Algeria signed a contract with Russia for modernization of 400 BMP-1s in 2006.
•  Angola - 21 BMP-1s ordered in 1993 from Belarus and delivered in 1993 (the vehicles were previously in Soviet and later Belorussian service and were sold through a Bulgarian company). 29 BMP-1s ordered in 1993 from Bulgaria and delivered in 1993 (the vehicles were previously in Bulgarian service). 35 BMP-1s ordered in 1993 from Russia and delivered in 1993 (the vehicles were previously in Soviet and later Russian service). 183 BMP-1s ordered in 1993 from Russia and delivered between 1993 and 1994. 65 BMP-1s were delivered from Russia in 1998. 7 BMP-1s were delivered from Belarus in 1999. 150 are currently in service.
•  Armenia - 150 BMP vehicles in service with the armed forces as of 1993. 212 BMP-1s in service with the armed forces as of 1994, 159 as of 1995 and 1996, 125 as of 1997, 1998, 1999 and 2000, 80 as of 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004 and 2006. 8 BMP-1Ks in service with the armed forces as of 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999 and 2000, 7 as of 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004 and 2006. 20 BRM-1s in service with the armed forces as of 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999 and 2000, 12 as of 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004 and 2006.
•  Azerbaijan - 102 BMP-1s in service with the armed forces as of 1992, 172 as of 1993, 104 as of 1994, 135 as of 1995, 119 as of 1996, 114 as of 1997 and 1998, 95 as of 1999, 44 as of 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003 and 2004 and 6 as of 2006 including 2 ordered in 2004 from Ukraine and delivered in 2005. 13 BRM-1s in service with the armed forces as of 1992, 12 as of 1993, 34 as of 1994, 33 as of 1995, 1996, 1997 and 1998, 23 as of 1999 and 21 as of 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004 and 2006.
•  Belarus - Originally 938 BMP-1s were inherited from former USSR in 1991. 461 BMP-1s in service as of 1995, 98 as of 2000 and 109 as of 2003 and 2005. There were also 161 BRM-1s in service as of 1995, 2000, 2003 and 2005.
•  Brunei
•  Bulgaria - 560 bought including 100 ordered in 1995 from Russia and delivered in 1996 (the vehicles were previously in Russian service). 100 BMP-1Ps are currently in service.
•  Cambodia - 70
•  People's Republic of China - Produced more than 3,000 Type 86s and vehicles based on it. 1,000 Type 86s were in service as of 2003 and 2005. Around 1,000 are currently in service.
•  Côte d'Ivoire - 13 ordered in 2002 from Belarus and delivered between 2002 and 2003.
•  Cuba - 80 ordered in 1978 from Soviet Union and delivered between 1981 and 1988.
•  Czech Republic - 623 BVP-1s, 145 BPzV "Svatava"s and 413 OT-90s were inherited from former Czechoslovakia in 1992. There were 605 in service as 1995, 600 BVP-1s as 1996. As of 1 January 2008 there were 207 BVP-1s (most in reserve - getting replaced by APCs), 76 BPzV "Svatava"s and 29 OT-90s (in the process of being withdrawn from service and replaced by more modern vehicles). There are also 15 BRM-1Ks in service.
•  Democratic Republic of the Congo - 20 ordered in 2005 from Ukraine and delivered in 2006.
•  Egypt - 80 were delivered between July and August 1973, 150 between August and September 1973. Between 40 to 60 were destroyed or captured during the Yom Kippur War. After the war Egypt received between 30 to 50. There were in service 200 as of 1996. Those 200 were fitted with French diesel engines and received the designation BMP-1S .
•  Equatorial Guinea - 20 ordered in 2006 from Czech Republic and delivered in 2007.
•  Eritrea - Received a number from Ethiopia.
•  Ethiopia - 70 along with 1000 9M14M Malyutka ATGMs ordered in 1977 from Soviet Union and delivered between 1977 and 1978. 20 were in service as of 1995.
•  Georgia - Originally 667 were inherited from former USSR in 1991. 15 were ordered in 2007 from Ukraine and delivered in 2008. 80 BMP-1s and BMP-2s were claimed by the Abkhaziyan Army and the same amount by the South Ossetian Army. 51 were in service as of 1992 and 1995, 67 as of 2000, 68 as of 2002, 65 as of 2005, 40 as of 2007 and 33 as of 2008. 149 BMP-1s fitted with reactive armor were in service as of 2008. 11 BRM-1Ks were in service as of 2000, 2002 and 2005 and 1 as of 2008.
•  Greece - Originally 501 BMP-1A1 Osts were order from Germany in 1991 and delivered between 1992 and 1994. Greece offered 500 as aid to Iraq but only 100 were accepted in 2005 with 36 being delivered in 2005 and 64 in 2006. There were 377 BMP-1A1 Osts in service as of 2006.
•  Hungary - 500 BMP-1s and BRM-1Ks ordered in 1972 from Soviet Union and delivered between 1973 and 1978. 2 BMP-1s ordered in 1994 from Czech Republic and delivered in 1995. At peak there were 502 BMP-1s in service. There were 502 BMP-1s and BRM-1Ks as of 1995 and 500 as of 1996. There were 487 BMP-1s and 12 BRM-1Ks as of 2006 and 2007 (mostly in stock).
•  India - Between 350 and 700 ordered in 1982 from Soviet Union and delivered between 1983 and 1989. Between 450 and 100 produced. 800 were in service as of 1990, around 600 as of 1995, more than 350 as of 2000 and 2002 around 600 as of 2005 and 700 as of 2008. Currently 700 are in active service.
•  Iran - 200 along with 2000 9M14M Malyutka ATGMs ordered in 1981 from Syria and delivered between 1982 and 1983. 400 along with 4000 9M14M Malyutka ATGMs ordered in 1986 from Soviet Union and delivered between 1986 and 1989 (the vehicles were produced in Czechoslovakia). A number of Type 86s were also bought from PRC. More than 150 BMP-1s and Type 86s in service as of 1990, 300 as of 1995, 300 as of 2000, 350 as of 2002 and about 210 as of 2005 and 2008. There 200 BMP-1s in service as of 1996. Iran also produced 80 Boragh-based IFVs between 2001 and 2008 (note the entire production started in 1997). There were 40 Boragh APCs in service as of 2000 and 2002 and 140 Boragh APCs as of 2005 and 2008.
•  Iraq - 200 ordered in 1973 from Soviet Union and delivered between 1974 and 1975. 750 ordered in 1981 from Soviet Union and delivered between 1981 and 1987 (the vehicles were produced in Czechoslovakia). A number of Type 86s were bought from PRC. 1,500 BMP-1s and BMP-2s in service as of 1990, about 900 as of 1995, about 1000 as of 2000 and about 900 as of 2002. 100 BMP-1A1 Osts ordered in 2005 from Greece with 36 being delivered in 2005 and 64 in 2006 (Greece offered 500 of these vehicles as aid but Iraq accepted only 100) and 110 ordered in 2006 from Ukraine and delivered in 2007. Currently the New Iraqi Army operates 434 BMP-1s (including BMP-1A1 Osts).
•  Israel - Captured or destroyed 40 to 60 Egyptian BMP-1 and 50 to 60 Syrian BMP-1 during the Yom Kippur War. Some of the captured vehicles have been converted into mortar carriers 
•  Kazakhstan - There were 300 as of 1995 and 2000, 350 as of 2002 and about 210 as of 2005. There were also 40 Boragh APCs in service as of 2000 and 2002 and about 140 Boragh APCs as of 2005.
•  Kyrgyzstan - There were 349 in service as of 1995 and 274 as of 2000 and 2005. There were also 28 BRM-1s in service as of 1995 and 113 as of 2000 and 2005.
•  Libya - 800 ordered in 1979 from Soviet Union and delivered between 1979 and 1982. 800 in service as of 1986, 750 as of 1996. Currently 740 are in service.
•  Mongolia - 400 along with 3000 9M14M Malyutka ATGMs ordered in 1981 from Soviet Union and delivered between 1982 and 1985. 400 in service as of 1996, 310 as of 2003.
•  Morocco - 50.
•  Moldova - There were 210 BMP-1s and BMP-2s in service as of 1994.
•  Mozambique - 40 in 2003.
•  Myanmar - More than 50 bought from PRC.
•  Nagorno-Karabakh
•  Poland - 1,406 BWP-1s ordered in 1969 from USSR and delivered between 1972 and 1979. 274 produced until 1988. Poland also bought 22 BWR-1D (BRM-1K) reconnaissance vehicles in 1987 from USSR and 16 BWR-1S (modernized BPzV) reconnaissance vehicles from Czech Republic in early 1990s. As of right now the number of BWR-1D and BWR-1S hasn't changed. There were 1,409 BWP-1s in service as of 1994, 1,367 as of 1 January 1998, 1,366 as of 1 January 1999 and 1 January 2000, 1,332 as of 1 January 2002, 1,328 BWP-1 IFVs as of 1 January 2003, 1,321 as of 2004 and 1,307 as of beginning of 2006 (Polish Minitsry of Defense states that as of 8th January 2006 there were 1,298 BWP-1s). 1,306 BWP-1s, 33 BWP-1Ds, 5 MP-31s and 6 ZWDSz-2s in service as of the first half of 2008.
•  Romania - Apart from their own variant of BMP-1, MLI-84, Romania also operates Soviet-made PRP-4 "Nard"s.There were 156 MLI-84s in service as of 1994 and 177 as of 2002.
•  Rwanda
•  Russia - 12,200 BMP-1s, BMP-2s and BMP-3s as of 1995 and 12,700 as of 2000, 2002 and 2009. 1,543 in active service and more than 9,057 in reserve as of 2008. Currently there are around 750 in active service and more than 10,000 in reserve as of 2009.
•  Slovakia - Originally 383 BVP-1s, 120 BPzV "Svatava"s and 207 OT-90s were inherited from former Czechoslovakia in 1992. There were 311 BVP-1s in service as of 1995 and 300 as of 1996. Currently there are 308 BVP-1s, 71 BPzV "Svatava"s and 205 OT-90s. There are also BRM-1Ks in service.
•  South Ossetia - 80 BMP-1s and BMP-2s were claimed by the South Ossetian Army and they were in service as of 2007.
•  Sri Lanka - 12 ordered in 1994 from Ukraine and delivered in 1994. Currently there are 13 inservice.
•  Sudan - 24 including 1 delivered by Belarus in 2004.
•  Syria - Syria received between 150 BMP-1s and 170 before October 1973 Yom Kippur War of which 50 to 60 where either destroyed or captured by Israeli Army. 2,300 ordered in 1977 from Soviet Union and delivered between 1977 and 1989. There were 2,250 in service as of 1990 and 1995, 2,300 as of 1996, 2,250 as of 2000 and 2001, 2,600 as of 2003 and 2,100 as of 2005.
•  Tajikistan - 40 were inherited from former USSR in 1991. 9 in service as of 2000 and 2005. There are 11 as of now in service.
•  Turkmenistan - 538 BMP-1s and BMP-2s in service as of 1995, 930 as of 2000 and 2005. 51 BRM-1s in service as of 1995 and 12 as of 2000 and 2005. Currently 156 BMP-1s are in service.
•  Ukraine - Around 2,525 in service as of 1994, 1,325 as of 1995, 1,011 as of 2000 and 1,008 as of 2005. Also there were 490 BRM-1Ks in service as of 1995 and 458 as of 2000 and 2005. A number of BMP-1s was modernized to BMP-1U standard while some were converted into ARVes.
•  Uruguay - 10 ordered in 1995 from Czech Republic and delivered in 1996 (the vehicles were previously in Czech service). 5 ordered in 1996 from Czech Republic and delivered in 1998. Between 3 and 5 ordered in 1996 from Czech Republic and delivered in 1999 (the vehicles were previously in Czech service).
•  Uzbekistan - 180 BMP-1s are currently in service. 6 BRM-1s in service as of 2000 and 2005.
•  Vietnam - 150 along with 1500 9M14M Malyutka ATGMs ordered in 1979 from Soviet Union and delivered between 1979 and 1981.
•  Western Sahara
•  Yemen - 150 in service as of 1996.

Former operators.

East German BMP-1s on a parade in East Berlin, 7 October 1988.

•  Chechen Republic of Ichkeria - 36 BMP-1s and BMP-2s in 1991-1992.
•  Czechoslovakia - 2,252 ordered in 1973 and delivered between 1973 and 1989 (most produced in Czechoslovakia while the rest was imported from the Soviet Union). 1,006 BVP-1 and BVP-1KS, 265 BPzV "Svatava" reconnaissance vehicles and 620 OT-90 APCs right before the breakup of Czechoslovakia, passed on to successor states. Czechoslovakia also produced 151 BMP-1P/c for East Germany.
•  Finland - 195, bought in three batches. The first one which consisted of BMP-1 IFVs was delivered in June 1981 by the Soviet Union. The second one which consisted of BMP-1 and BMP-1K IFVs was delivered in summer of 1982 by the Soviet Union. A total of 85 BMP-1 and BMP-1K IFVs was delivered by the USSR. The third one which consisted of 110 different variants of BMP-1/BMP-1P was delivered in 1990 by Germany from ex-East German stocks (all were modernized in 1994-1997 by Patria Vammas Oy). There were 40 BMP-1 (+ native produced BMP-1TJ "Tuya" artillery reconnaissance vehicles) in service with the Finnish Army in 1995 and 1996. The BMP-1 IFVs were withdrawn from Finnish Army service in 2004 but around 50 were saved and converted to command and artillery observing vehicles.
•  East Germany - 1,133 ordered in 1974 from Soviet Union and delivered between 1974 and 1982 (some of the vehicles were produced in Czechoslovakia).
•  West Germany/ Germany - Taken from East Germany's Army. After the reunification, the West-German Bundeswehr modified more than 851 vehicles (mainly BMP-1P model) and brought them to NATO safety standards and gave them the designation BMP-1A1 Ost. There were 764 BMP-1A1 Ost vehicles in 1994 and 450 in 1996. Eventually all were scrapped or sold to other countries. 110 different variants of BMP-1/BMP-1P were sold to Finland in 1990 (these weren't modified). 501 BMP-1A1 Ost IFVs were sold to Greece in 1993-1994 and 350 BMP-1A1 Ost IFVs were sold to Sweden in the beginning of 1990s.
•  North Korea - 100 ordered in 1972 from Soviet Union and delivered between 1972 and 1973. 122 ordered in 1984 from Soviet Union and delivered between 1985 and 1991^. There were 1110 Korshuns (North Korean designation for BMP-1), VTT-323s, Type 63s (YW-531), BTR-40s, BTR-50s, BTR-60s and BTR-152s in service as of 1985. 200 Korshuns in service as of 1996. None in service as of 2000.
•  Sweden - 12 ordered from Germany in 1993 and delivered between 1995 and 1997 for trials. 360 ordered from Germany in 1994 and delivered between 1998 and 2001 (the vehicles were modernized in Poland before being delivered). All upgraded to Pbv 501A standard. 340 in service as of 2006. In the same year they were withdrawn from service and later were sold.
•  Soviet Union - More than 20,000 BMP-1s and vehicles based on it produced. 5,100 BMP-1s ordered in 1972 from Czechoslovakia and delivered between 1972 and 1988. More than 14,473 BMP-1s before the Soviet War in Afghanistan. 24,000 BMP-1s and BMP-2s in service as of 1985. About 14,353 BMP-1s and vehicles based on it right before the breakup of USSR, passed on to successor states.
•  North Yemen - 150
•  South Yemen - 100 ordered in 1983 from Soviet Union and delivered between 1983 and 1984. 40 ordered in 1986 from Soviet Union and delivered in 1986.
•  Lebanon - An unknown number was provided on loan between 1983 and 1990 to the Druze Progressive Socialist Party militia by Syria and the Soviet Union.
•  Yugoslavia - 40 ordered in 1971 and delivered in 1972.